Apple v Samsung: This Time It’s Global

“The United States district court is a public institution, and the workings of litigation must be open to public view,” Justice Alsup wrote in an October order in Oracle America, Inc v. Google Inc. Yet this is not the approach of U.S. District Judge Lucy Koh and U.S. Magistrate Judge Paul Grewal, who have not only granted many of Apple and Samsung’s sealing motions, but in some cases have gone even further. During an October hearing on the proposed injunction, Koh was unprompted when she asked Apple and Samsung if they wanted to seal the courtroom.

This level of secrecy prevents academics, lawyers, and other curious bystanders from the cottage industry of prognosticating the results of the trial. Perhaps the best alternative is to look at the recent decision by the German courts applying EU law in an effort to draw some conclusions that could apply to the American ruling.

Writing on the Microsoft Antitrust prosecutions in the US and EU, John Jennings at Spencer Fane Britt & Browne LLP explains the difference between the two jurisdictions:

Although US antitrust law contains substantial parallels to its EU counterpart, the enforcement of these laws often differs in the two jurisdictions. EU antitrust law largely derives from Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. Article 81 prohibits cartels and “concerted practices” that distort competition, such as price fixing, production limits, and dividing market share. Article 82 prohibits dominant businesses from using their market share to leverage other markets, engaging in predatory pricing, excessive pricing, price discrimination and some forms of resale price maintenance, or generally abusing their market position. These Articles roughly comport with Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, respectively. While these provisions appear similar, most commentators acknowledge that US antitrust law aims to promote competition, while EU law attempts to protect competitors.

Indeed this dichotomy between protecting competitors in the EU and protecting competition in the US looks likely to apply to the current litigation involving Apple and Samsung over 3G/UMTS patents.

The EU Litigation

It is under Article 102 TFEU (ex Article 82 TEC, noted above) that the EU has begun investigations regarding Samsung’s licensing fees to Apple. The article reads,

Any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position within the internal market or in a substantial part of it shall be prohibited as incompatible with the internal market in so far as it may affect trade between Member States.

Such abuse may, in particular, consist in:

(a) directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions;

(b) limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers;

(c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage;

(d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.

On February 3rd, 2012, the Mannheim Regional Court found Apple infringed a patent used to synchronize e-mail accounts. Presiding Judge Andreas Voss said in delivering the ruling. “The court has come to the conclusion that the wording of the patent does cover functioning that were at issue here,” said Voss. Apple “wasn’t able to convince the court that it isn’t infringing.” Yet just a few hours later, Apple was granted an injunction against the ruling based on the fact that the technology used by Samsung and Motorola were not being licensed to Apple at a reasonable rate.

Now the EU has launched a probe into Samsung’s licensing fees based on allegations that the company has violated FRAND (“Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory”) terms of 1998 which dictate that participants undertake that their IPR, if incorporated into the standard, will be accessible on fair, reasonable and non- discriminatory terms and conditions. In essence, the FRAND commitment constitutes a restriction on the IPR holder’s ability to freely set royalties for the use of its IPR by third parties.

Apple alleged that Motorola repeatedly refused to license this patent to Apple on reasonable terms, despite having declared it an industry standard patent seven years ago. This injunction by the German court brings Samsung the unwanted attention of the European Commission on Antitrust as the legal battles between the two companies have heretofore dealt mostly with patent issues. This shift towards FRAND standards places Samsung and Motorola under the Commission microscope. Apple on the other hand, comes out relatively unscathed, as their patent issues do not fall under any FRAND-pledged standards.

The US Attitude

Samsung’s allegations of infringement have forced the Seoul-based tech giant to outline the technology they feel Apple has unfairly taken from them. However, in doing so they have also exposed the manner in which they license said technology.

Any antitrust holdings against Samsung and Motorola in the EU will likely have more serious consequences than private patent conflicts. When the Commission issued a decision on the Microsoft antitrust case in 2004 regarding their violation of Article 82, amongst other orders it fined the software company €497.2 million (~$650M CDN). While Samsung’s potential antitrust infringements will likely not garner such substantial fines – if indeed they are held to be in violation of FRAND agreements – it should be noted that the German courts have already ordered over €100 million bonds for injunction enforcement. The patent and antitrust issues are worth a great deal to both sides of the table, but the costs surrounding the antitrust issues in Europe should not be underestimated. In the US, on the other hand, a decidedly more pro-business attitude indicates a greater emphasis on the patent battle rather than antitrust issues.

The EU attitude, a result of zealous enforcement of antitrust laws by the former Competition Commissioner Mario Monti who served from 1999 until 2004, has not been mimicked on the other side of the Atlantic. Rather than a series of fines (and additional fines for noncompliance amounting to €2M per day as in the EU) the US approach focused more on negotiations between Microsoft and the Justice Department. Judge Kollar-Kotelly accepted nearly all elements of the November 2001 agreement and within 3 years, all other States had followed suit (with Massachusetts the final holdout until June of 2004). The agreement placed an emphasis on the user experience and most of the issues with Microsoft bundling its software were dealt with by giving purchasers to manually delete Microsoft software from their computers.

Conclusion

Ultimately this comparison between the EU and US approach to antitrust litigation may not give us any greater insight into the current litigation in California. However, using a broad-strokes application of the two jurisdiction’s attitudes it is likely that Apple and Samsung will reach a settlement in the US, and any antitrust issues will be dealt with by the parties making specific technological concessions. Of note in the US litigation will be whether Apple leverages Samsung’s potential Article 102 woes in the EU to gain greater traction as the two move towards that settlement. In doing so we may see the different attitudes create a sort of balance for multinational companies. But of course, with the shroud of secrecy that hangs over the US proceedings, that analysis will have to wait until the facts of the dispute are made public.

UPDATE: So what are reasonable licensing terms? Today the Wall Street Journal reports that Motorola is requesting approximately 2.25% in royalties from Apple, or about $1 billion for the iPhone manufacturer, likely as a way to force a settlement.

Is SOPA Dead?

The story of the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and its sister act, Protect IP Act (PIPA) has been an intriguing and increasingly polarizing one. As Sarit wrote a few days ago, the increasing pressure from tech companies has forced the White House to come out against certain provisions, such as the DNS blocking provision in SOPA and other measures that would “tamper” with the underlying security measures of internet infrastructure. Read the rest of this entry »

The End of the Internet?

Tension between the interests of copyright holders and the accessibility and openness of the Internet is not a new phenomenon – Napster anyone? However, a potentially game-changing new development in online intellectual property and copyright law is currently making its way through the United Stages legislature. The Stop Online Piracy Act, or SOPA, was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives in October of this year. The Act was given hearing in front of the House Judiciary Committee on November 16, 2011; its counterpart in the Senate, the PROTECT-IP Act, was introduced in May of this year and has since been passed. Read the rest of this entry »

Who Gets Burned When the Dragon Stirs? – Ramifications of Stricter Patent Protection in China

Jameson Berkow in The National Post recently voiced a concern not unfamiliar to those who have seen the cover of any Economist magazine in the past eight years – the dangers of China’s evolving economy, in particular their approach to patent protection.

The article argues that, “China … has intentionally maintained a lax intellectual property enforcement regime for decades, waiting until its internal invention industry had become strong enough to warrant something more robust.” Read the rest of this entry »

Apple Manages to Frustrates Developers…Again!

Apple has launched a new requirement, which will require sandboxing of all Mac App Store applications, starting next March. This move again will frustrate developers, although Apple claims its main motivation for such a move is to provide safety. Apple has had a unique relationship with many app developers in the past, providing a superb launch point and audience for their products, but also frustrating them with restrictive and sometimes anti-competitive strategies. Read the rest of this entry »

SCC Judgement: Hyperlinking to Content Does Not Constitute Republication

Last Wednesday (October 19th, 2011), the Supreme Court of Canada released its judgement on Crookes v. Newton (2011 SCC 47). The case focused on whether or not liability existed when one post hyperlinks to allegedly defamatory material on the internet. The court’s decision was succinctly summarized by Justice Abella, who stated, “I would conclude that a hyperlink, by itself, should never be seen as “publication” of the content to which it refers.”  Read the rest of this entry »

Federal Government Introduces New Copyright Reform Bill

Last week the Canadian federal government introduced Bill C-11, entitled An Act to Amend the Copyright Act. Since 2005, there had been three failed attempts at copyright reforms by the federal government. The last such attempt was Bill C-32 introduced in June 2010 during the last parliament, which died on the order paper when the federal election was called last spring. The new Bill C-11 is identical to Bill C-32. The following are some of the highlights from the bill: Read the rest of this entry »

Do the copycat Apple stores in China harm Apple?

News of fake Apple stores in China sparked a media frenzy last month, with calls of massive intellectual property infringement. Of the five fake stores in Kunming, two were shut down, but for lacking official business licenses, not for who they were pretending to be. More interestingly, according to reports, the Apple products sold at these stores were the real deal. That these stores were and are selling real Apple products complicates the question of whether there are legal claims to be had for copyright infringement. Read the rest of this entry »

Beyond Refusal to Deal: A Cross-Atlantic View of Copyright, Competition and Innovation Policies

Paul-Erik Veel and Professor Ariel Katz have recently released a paper comparing the Competition Law in the European Union and the United States. The abstract:

Conventional wisdom holds that the European Union, through the application of its competition law, has opted to subordinate intellectual property rights in the pursuit of competitive markets to a much greater extent than has the United States. We argue that, at least in the context of copyright protection, this conventional wisdom is false. Read the rest of this entry »

Peanuts and Ponies and Parodies! Oh My!

Generally and theoretically, ‘fair dealing’ in Canada, or ‘fair use’ in the U.S., is meant to foster creativity and innovation, to be a limitation and exception to the copyright holder’s exclusive rights. When it comes to applying fair dealing/use to parodies, however, the exception becomes murky.

A Tumblr blog, “Peanutweeter”, used to have thousands of people following their juxtaposition of classic “Peanuts” cartoons with unrelated, and less innocent, tweets. Unamused, Iconix Brand Group, joint copyright holders with the heirs of creator Charles Schulz, claimed copyright infringement, issued a takedown order and the blog was shut down in June. Read the rest of this entry »